A framework for IP and non-IP multicast services for vehicular networks

International audienceEnabling drivers to be connected to the Internet and/or Vehicular Ad-hoc networks, is one of the main challenges of the future networking. This enables drivers to benefit from the existing Internet services as well as emerging ITS applications based on IP or non-IP communications (e.g geonetworking). Many of ITS applications such as fleet management require multicast data delivery. Existing works on this subject tackle mainly the problems of IP multicasting inside the Internet or geocasting in VANETs. This paper presents a new framework that enables Internet-based multicast services on top of VANETs. We introduce a self-configuring multicast addressing scheme based on the geographic locations of the vehicles coupled with a simplified approach that locally manages the group membership to allow packet delivery from the Internet. Moreover, we propose an approach that selects the appropriate network-layer protocol for either geocasting or IP multicasting depending on the vehicles' context and the application requirements. Finally, we present the integration of the designed framework to the ITS reference architecture

Microfinance Institutions’ Efficiency in the MENA Region: a Bootstrap-DEA approach

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of microfinance institutions in The MENA region over the period 2006-2009. Following Simar and Wilson (1998, 2000) we use a DEA-Bootstrapping methodology to drift appropriate measures of DEA efficiency scores. The estimated results show that average efficiency of the most countries in the region has decreased over the period under study. Results also reveal that efficiency significantly differs by legal status of the microfinance institutions. Keywords: Microfinance, DEA, Bootstrap, MENA

Study on Perception and Communication Systems for Safety of Vulnerable Road Users

International audience—The existing R&D efforts for protecting vulnerable road users (VRU) are mainly based on perception techniques, which aim to detect VRUs utilizing vehicle embedded sensors. The efficiency of such a technique is largely affected by the sensor's visibility condition. Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) communication can also contribute to the VRU safety by allowing vehicles and pedestrians to exchange information. This solution is, however, largely affected by the reliability of the exchanged information, which most generally is the GPS data. Since perception and communication have complementary features, we can expect that a combination of such approaches can be a solution to the VRU safety. This is the motivation of the current work. We develop theoretical models to present the characteristics of perception and communications systems. Experimental studies are conducted to compare the performances of these techniques in real-world environments. Our results show that the perception system reliably detects pedestrians and other objects within 50 m of range in the line-of-sight (LOS) condition. In contrast, the V2P communication coverage is approximately 340 and 200 meters in LOS and non-LOS (NLOS) conditions, respectively. However, the communication-based system fails to correctly position the VRU w.r.t the vehicle, preventing the system from meeting the safety requirement. Finally, we propose a cooperative system that combines the outputs of the communication and perception systems

A Framework for IP and non-IP Multicast Services for Vehicular Networks

International audienceEnabling drivers to be connected to the Internet and/or Vehicular Ad-hoc networks, is one of the main challenges of the future networking. This enables drivers to benefit from the existing Internet services as well as emerging ITS applications based on IP or non-IP communications (e.g geonetworking). Many of ITS applications such as fleet management require multicast data delivery. Existing works on this subject tackle mainly the problems of IP multicasting inside the Internet or geocasting in VANETs. This paper presents a new framework that enables Internet-based multicast services on top of VANETs. We introduce a self-configuring multicast addressing scheme based on the geographic locations of the vehicles coupled with a simplified approach that locally manages the group membership to allow packet delivery from the Internet. Moreover, we propose an approach that selects the appropriate network-layer protocol for either geocasting or IP multicasting depending on the vehicles' context and the application requirements. Finally, we present the integration of the designed framework to the ITS reference architecture

Extended Mobility Management and Geocast Routing for Internet-to-VANET Multicasting

International audienceEmerging ITS applications, such as point of interest distribution, require information delivery from the Internet to a group of vehicles. Such an Internet-to-VANET multicast service raises several challenges including efficient multicast mobility management and multicast message delivery in a geographic area (geocast). In this paper we propose to extend the PMIP (Proxy Mobile IP) mobility management scheme such that it allows vehicles in a geographic area to subscribe to the multicast group with low control overhead by exploiting vehicular ad hoc networking. We then propose Melody, a geocast routing protocol, which extends the multicast service coverage in the VANET based on overlay routing. Our simulation results show that Melody provides an improved communication performance in urban areas in comparison to geographic flooding

Towards a Reliable Machine Learning Based Global Misbehavior Detection in C-ITS: Model Evaluation Approach

International audienceGlobal misbehavior detection in Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) is carried out by a central entity named Misbe-havior Authority (MA). The detection is based on local misbehavior detection information sent by Vehicle's On-Board Units (OBUs) and by RoadSide Units (RSUs) called Misbehavior Reports (MBRs) to the MA. By analyzing these Misbehavior Reports (MBRs), the MA is able to compute various misbehavior detection information. In this work, we propose and evaluate different Machine Learning (ML) based solutions for the internal detection process of the MA. We show through extensive simulation and several detection metrics the ability of solutions to precisely identify different misbehavior types

Validation and evaluation of NEMO in VANET using geographic routing

International audienceThe combination of geographic-based routing protocols (GeoNetworking) and IPv6 NEtwork MObility (NEMO) into a single communication architecture (IPv6 GeoNetworking) is key in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET). While NEMO manages Internet access and session continuity between the vehicle and the Internet, geographically based data forwarding allows an efficient dissemination of the information between vehicles and the infrastructure. In this paper, we refer to the basic scenarios that led to the design of the IPv6 GeoNetworking architecture in the context of the GeoNet project. A prototype implementation of the modules that couple these two technologies is described, in particular the adaptation of IPv6 and C2CNet, a layer that ensures the geographic capabilities. Results of a light experimental performance evaluation are reported

Real-vehicle integration of driver support application with IPv6 GeoNetworking

International audienceOne of the essential usage of Intelligent Trans- portation Systems (ITS) applications is to provide road traffic information to vehicle drivers for road safety and efficient drive. For this usage, it is necessary to integrate geographical routing mechanisms in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) into ITS applications. In this paper, we design and implement an ITS application which relies on IPv6 GeoNetworking; a geographical addressing and routing mechanism developed in the GeoNet project. Our application supports realistic use case scenarios, therefore we integrated it into INRIA's vehicular platform. The system has publicly been demonstrated in realistic scenarios

Extended Mobility Management and Routing Protocols for Internet-to-VANET Multicasting

International audience—Emerging ITS applications such as fleet manage-ment and point of interest distribution require vehicles to have Internet access. However, allowing vehicles to access to the Internet is particularly challenging due to the special char-acteristics of the vehicular environment. So far, multicasting approaches have been demonstrated to be effective for supporting group communication in traditional networks. However, such Internet-to-VANET multicast service involves several challenges including efficient multicast mobility management and multicast message delivery. This paper proposes a scheme that combines the existing multicast mobility management scheme with vehicular networking solutions to achieve Internet-to-VANET multicasting. The proposed scheme aims to: (i) provide multicast mobility management with low control overhead and efficient bandwidth utilization, as well as (ii) extend the service coverage provided by VANET membership management and multicast message delivery protocol. Simulation results indicate that our Motion-MAODV scheme improves the performance of both MAODV and traditional flooding dissemination schemes in terms of both packet delivery ratio and end-to-end transmission latency

Experimental Evaluation for IPv6 over VANET Geographic routing

International audienceVehicular communication is an important part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Geographic routing in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is becoming an interesting topic to deliver safety messages between cars but also between a car and a roadside infrastructure within a designated destination area. The Car2Car Communication Consortium specified C2CNet architecture as a geographic routing protocol. The results of GeoNet project are presented in the paper, which aims at combining IPv6 networking and C2CNet. The system with IPv6 and C2CNet is designed and implemented in Linux. The prototype implementation is first evaluated indoor testbed with the fixed positions. Then it is evaluated in the field testbed with three vehicles with various scenarios. For evaluation in field testbed, we have developed the AnaVANET evaluation tool to perform the evaluation taking into account all of geographic factors